Faith Freedom International - Forum Indonesia

Lower income and less educated breastfeed longer than 2 years since moms don't have money to buy formula or to provide with any other healthy foods for their children. Moms that are more educated and have better finances tend to breastfeed for only 6 months since they believe that breast milk starts losing it's health benefits after that age when babies start solids. Some will breastfeed up to 12 months just for bonding but after that babies are weaned gradually. The ability of buying healthy foods compensates for the lack of use of breast milk.

Children were breast fed up to three years. Breast milk was a highly nutritious additive to regular food and its contraceptive qualities were most likely not overlooked. A nursing woman was a sign of successful womanhood, and these are frequently depicted. There are also medical papyrii saying that the quality of the milk should be tested before given to the child. If the milk smelled like dried manna, it was good, but if it smelled like fish it was bad. Mother´s milk, especially from a woman who had given birth to a boy, was considered having high medical value, both for feeding children, for treating burns and for fertility.

http://www.muslimaccess.com/quraan/arabic/002.asp
2:227 But if their intention is firm for divorce, Allah heareth and knoweth all things.
Wa-in AAazamoo alttalaqafa-inna Allaha sameeAAun AAaleemun

2:228 Divorced women shall wait concerning themselves for three monthly periods. Nor is it lawful for them to hide what Allah Hath created in their wombs, if they have faith in Allah and the Last Day. And their husbands have the better right to take them back in that period, if they wish for reconciliation. And women shall have rights similar to the rights against them, according to what is equitable; but men have a degree (of advantage) over them. And Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise.
Waalmutallaqatuyatarabbasna bi-anfusihinna thalathata quroo-in walayahillu lahunna an yaktumna ma khalaqa Allahufee arhamihinna in kunna yu/minna biAllahiwaalyawmi al-akhiri wabuAAoolatuhunna ahaqqubiraddihinna fee thalika in aradoo islahanwalahunna mithlu allathee AAalayhinna bialmaAAroofiwalilrrijali AAalayhinna darajatun waAllahuAAazeezun hakeemun

2:229 A divorce is only permissible twice; after that, the parties should either hold together on equitable terms or separate with kindness. It is not lawful for you, (men), to take back any of your gifts (from your wives), except when both parties fear that they would be unable to keep the limits ordained by Allah. If ye (judges) do indeed fear that they would be unable to keep the limits ordained by Allah, there is no blame on either of them if she give something for her freedom. These are the limits ordained by Allah; so do not transgress them if any do transgress the limits ordained by Allah, such persons wrong (themselves as well as others).
Alttalaqu marratanifa-imsakun bimaAAroofin aw tasreehun bi-ihsaninwala yahillu lakum an ta/khuthoo mimmaataytumoohunna shay-an illa an yakhafaalla yuqeema hudooda Allahi fa-inkhiftum alla yuqeema hudooda Allahifala junaha AAalayhima feema iftadatbihi tilka hudoodu Allahi fala taAAtadoohawaman yataAAadda hudooda Allahi faola-ikahumu alththalimoona

2:230 So if a husband divorces his wife (irrevocably), he cannot, after that, re-marry her until after she has married another husband and he has divorced her. In that case there is no blame on either of them if they re-unite, provided they feel that they can keep the limits ordained by Allah. Such are the limits ordained by Allah, which He makes plain to those who understand.
Fa-in tallaqaha falatahillu lahu min baAAdu hatta tankihazawjan ghayrahu fa-in tallaqaha fala junahaAAalayhima an yatarajaAAa in thannaan yuqeema hudooda Allahi watilka hudooduAllahi yubayyinuha liqawmin yaAAlamoona

2:231 When ye divorce women, and they fulfil the term of their ('Iddat), either take them back on equitable terms or set them free on equitable terms; but do not take them back to injure them, (or) to take undue advantage; if any one does that; he wrongs his own soul. Do not treat Allah's Signs as a jest, but solemnly rehearse Allah's favors on you, and the fact that He sent down to you the Book and Wisdom, for your instruction. And fear Allah, and know that Allah is well acquainted with all things.
Wa-itha tallaqtumu alnnisaafabalaghna ajalahunna faamsikoohunna bimaAAroofin aw sarrihoohunnabimaAAroofin wala tumsikoohunna diraranlitaAAtadoo waman yafAAal thalika faqad thalamanafsahu wala tattakhithoo ayati Allahihuzuwan waothkuroo niAAmata Allahi AAalaykumwama anzala AAalaykum mina alkitabi waalhikmatiyaAAithukum bihi waittaqoo Allaha waiAAlamooanna Allaha bikulli shay-in AAaleemun

2:232 When ye divorce women, and they fulfil the term of their ('Iddat), do not prevent them from marrying their (former) husbands, if they mutually agree on equitable terms. This instruction is for all amongst you, who believe in Allah and the Last Day. That is (the course making for) most virtue and purity amongst you and Allah knows and ye know not.
Wa-itha tallaqtumu alnnisaafabalaghna ajalahunna fala taAAduloohunna an yankihnaazwajahunna itha taradaw baynahum bialmaAAroofithalika yooAAathu bihi man kanaminkum yu/minu biAllahi waalyawmi al-akhirithalikum azka lakum waatharu waAllahuyaAAlamu waantum la taAAlamoona

2:233 The mothers shall give such to their offspring for two whole years, if the father desires to complete the term. terjemahan bebas saya: Ibu akan menyusui anaknya selama 2 tahun, jika sang ayah menginginkan waktu tersebut selesai.But he shall bear the cost of their food and clothing on equitable terms. No soul shall have a burden laid on it greater than it can bear. No mother shall be treated unfairly on account of her child. Nor father on account of his child; an heir shall be chargeable in the same way. If they both decide on weaning, by mutual consent, and after due consultation, there is no blame on them. If ye decide on a foster-mother for your offspring, there is no blame on you, provided ye pay (the mother) what ye offered, on equitable terms. But fear Allah and know that Allah sees well what ye do.
Waalwalidatu yurdiAAnaawladahunna hawlayni kamilayni liman aradaan yutimma alrradaAAata waAAala almawloodilahu rizquhunna wakiswatuhunna bialmaAAroofi latukallafu nafsun illa wusAAaha la tudarrawalidatun biwaladiha wala mawloodun lahubiwaladihi waAAala alwarithi mithlu thalikafa-in arada fisalan AAan taradinminhuma watashawurin fala junahaAAalayhima wa-in aradtum an tastardiAAoo awladakumfala junaha AAalaykum itha sallamtum maataytum bialmaAAroofi waittaqoo AllahawaiAAlamoo anna Allaha bima taAAmaloona baseerun

2:234 If any of you die and leave widows behind, they shall wait concerning themselves four months and ten days. When they have fulfilled their term, there is no blame on you if they dispose of themselves in a just and reasonable manner. And Allah is well acquainted with what ye do.
Waallatheena yutawaffawnaminkum wayatharoona azwajan yatarabbasnabi-anfusihinna arbaAAata ashhurin waAAashran fa-ithabalaghna ajalahunna fala junaha AAalaykum feemafaAAalna fee anfusihinna bialmaAAroofi waAllahubima taAAmaloona khabeerun

2:235 There is no blame on you if ye make an offer of betrothal or hold it in your hearts. Allah knows that ye cherish them in your hearts; But do not make a secret contract with them except in terms honorable, nor resolve on the tie of marriage till the term prescribed is fulfilled. And know that Allah knoweth what is in your hearts, and take heed of Him; and know that Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Forbearing.
Wala junaha AAalaykum feemaAAarradtum bihi min khitbati alnnisa-iaw aknantum fee anfusikum AAalima Allahu annakum satathkuroonahunnawalakin la tuwaAAidoohunna sirran illaan taqooloo qawlan maAAroofan wala taAAzimoo AAuqdata alnnikahihatta yablugha alkitabu ajalahu waiAAlamooanna Allaha yaAAlamu ma fee anfusikum faihtharoohuwaiAAlamoo anna Allaha ghafoorun haleemun

2:236 There is no blame on you if ye divorce women before consummation or the fixation of their dower; but bestow on them (A suitable gift); the wealthy according to his means, and the poor according to his means. A gift of a reasonable amount is due from those who wish to do the right thing.
La junaha AAalaykum in tallaqtumualnnisaa ma lam tamassoohunna aw tafridoolahunna fareedatan wamattiAAoohunna AAalaalmoosiAAi qadaruhu waAAala almuqtiri qadaruhu mataAAanbialmaAAroofi haqqan AAala almuhsineena

2:237 And if ye divorce them before consummation, but after the fixation of a dower for them, then the half of the dower (is due to them), unless they remit it or (the man's half) is remitted by him in whose hands is the marriage tie; and the remission (of the man's half) is the nearest to righteousness. And do not forget liberality between yourselves. For Allah sees well all that ye do.
Wa-in tallaqtumoohunna min qabli antamassoohunna waqad faradtum lahunna fareedatanfanisfu ma faradtum illa an yaAAfoonaaw yaAAfuwa allathee biyadihi AAuqdatu alnnikahiwaan taAAfoo aqrabu lilttaqwa wala tansawooalfadla baynakum inna Allaha bimataAAmaloona baseerun

227. Dan jika mereka ber’azam (bertetap hati untuk) talak, maka sesungguhnya Allah Maha Mendengar lagi Maha Mengetahui. (QS. 2:227)
228. Wanita-wanita yang ditalak hendaklah menahan diri (menunggu) tiga kali quru 142. Tidak boleh mereka menyembunyikan apa yang diciptakan Allah dalam rahimnya, jika mereka beriman kepada Allah dan hari akhirat. Dan suami-suaminya berhak merujuknya dalam masa menanti itu jika mereka (para suami) itu menghendaki ishlah. Dan para wanita mempunyai hak yang seimbang dengan kewajibannya menurut cara yang ma’ruf. Akan tetapi para suami, mempunyai satu tingkatan kelebihan daripada isterinya 143. Dan Allah Maha Perkasa lagi Maha Bijaksana. (QS. 2:228)
229. Talak (yang dapat dirujuk) dua kali. Setelah itu boleh rujuk lagi dengan cara yang ma’ruf atau menceraikan dengan cara yang baik. Tidak halal bagi kamu mengambil kembali sesuatu dari yang telah kamu berikan kepada mereka, kecuali kalau keduanya khawatir tidak akan dapat menjalankan hukum-hukum Allah. Jika kamu khawatir bahwa keduanya (suami-isteri) tidak dapat menjalankan hukum-hukum Allah, maka tidak ada dosa atas keduanya tentang bayaran yang diberikan oleh isteri untuk menebus dirinya 144. Itulah hukum-hukum Allah, maka janganlah kamu melanggarnya. Barangsiapa yang melanggar hukum-hukum Allah mereka itulah orang-orang yang zalim. (QS. 2:229)
230. Kemudian jika si suami mentalaknya (sesudah talak yang kedua), maka perempuan itu tidak halal lagi baginya hingga dia nikah dengan suami yang lain. Kemudian jika suami yang lain itu menceraikanya, maka tidak ada dosa bagi keduanya (bekas suami pertama dan isteri) untuk nikah kembali jika keduanya berpendapat akan dapat menjalankan hukum-hukum Allah. Itulah hukum-hukum Allah, diterangkan-Nya kepada kaum yang (mau) mengetahui. (QS. 2:230)
231. Apabila kamu mentalak isteri-isterimu, lalu mereka mendekati akhir idahnya, maka rujukilah mereka dengan cara yang ma’ruf, atau ceraikanlah mereka dengan cara yang ma’ruf (pula). Janganlah kamu rujuki mereka untuk memberi kemudharatan, karena dengan demikian kamu menganiaya mereka 145. Barangsiapa berbuat demikian, maka sungguh ia telah berbuat zalim terhadap dirinya sendiri. Janganlah kamu jadikan hukum-hukum Allah permainan, dan ingatlah ni’mat Allah kepadamu yaitu Al-Kitab dan Al-Hikmah. Allah memberi pengajaran kepadamu dengan apa yang diturunkan-Nya itu. Dan bertaqwalah kepada Allah serta ketahuilah bahwasanya Allah Maha Mengetahui segala sesuatu. (QS. 2:231)
232. Apabila kamu mentalak isteri-isterimu, lalu habis iddahnya, maka janganlah kamu (para wali) menghalangi mereka nikah lagi dengan bakal suaminya 146, apabila telah terdapat kerelaan di antara mereka dengan cara yang ma’ruf. Itulah yang dinasehatkan kepada orang-orang yang beriman di antara kamu kepada Allah dan hari kemudian. Itu lebih baik bagimu dan lebih suci. Allah mengetahui, sedang kamu tidak mengetahui. (QS. 2:232)
233. Para ibu hendaklah menyusukan anak-anaknya selama dua tahun penuh, yaitu bagi yang ingin menyempurnakan pernyusuan. Dan kewajiban ayah memberi makan dan pakaian kepada para ibu dengan cara yang ma’ruf. Seseorang tidak dibebani melainkan menurut kadar kesanggupannya. Janganlah seorang ibu menderita kesengsaraan karena anaknya dan seorang ayah karena anaknya, dan warispun berkewajiban demikian. Apabila keduanya ingin menyapih (sebelum dua tahun) dengan kerelaan keduanya dan permusyawaratan, maka tidak ada dosa atas keduanya. Dan jika kamu ingin anakmu disusukan oleh orang lain, maka tidak ada dosa bagimu bila kamu memberikan pembayaran menurut yang patut. Bertaqwalah kamu kepada Allah dan ketahuilah bahwa Allah Maha Melihat apa yang kamu kerjakan. (QS. 2:233)
234. Orang-orang yang meninggal dunia di antaramu dengan meninggalkan isteri-isteri (hendaklah para isteri itu) menangguhkan dirinya (ber’iddah) empat bulan sepuluh hari. Kemudian apabila telah habis masa ‘iddahnya, maka tiada dosa bagimu (para wali) membiarkan mereka berbuat terhadap diri mereka 147 menurut yang patut. Allah mengetahui apa yang kamu perbuat. (QS. 2:234)
235. Dan tidak ada dosa bagi kamu meminang wanita-wanita itu 148 dengan sindiran 149 atau kamu menyembunyikan (keinginan menikahi mereka) dalam hatimu. Allah mengetahui bahwa kamu akan menyebut-nyebut mereka, dalam pada itu janganlah kamu mengadakan janji nikah dengan mereka secara rahasia, kecuali sekedar mengucapkan (kepada mereka) perkataan yang ma’ruf 150. Dan janganlah kamu ber’azam (bertetap hati) untuk beraqad nikah, sebelum habis ‘iddahnya. Dan ketahuilah bahwasanya Allah mengetahui apa yang ada dalam harimu; maka takutlah kepada-Nya, dan ketahuilah bahwa Allah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyantun. (QS. 2:235)
236. Tidak ada kewajiban membayar (mahar) atas kamu, jika kamu menceraikan isteri-isterimu sebelum kamu bercampur dengan mereka dan sebelum kamu menentukan maharnya. Dan hendaklah kamu berikan suatu mut’ah (pemberian) kepada mereka. Orang yang mampu menurut kemampuannya dan orang yang miskin menurut kemampuannya (pula), yaitu pemberian menurut yang patut. Yang demikian itu merupakan ketentuan bagi orang-orang yang berbuat kebajikan. (QS. 2:236)
237. Jika kamu menceraikan isteri-isterimu sebelum kamu bercampur dengan mereka padahal sesungguhnya kamu sudah menentukan maharnya, maka bayarlah seperdua dari mahar yang telah kamu tentukan itu, kecuali jika isteri-isterimu itu mema’afkan atau dima’afkan oleh orang yang memegang ikatan nikah 151, dan pema’afan kamu itu lebih dekat kepada taqwa. Dan janganlah kau melupakan keutamaan di antara kamu. Sesungguhnya Allah Melihat segala apa yang kamu kerjakan. (QS. 2:237)