http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/City/23
Kawasan2 Mesopotamia : Phoenicia, Israel and Judah, Transcaucasus, Persia, Sumeria, Assyria& Babylonia.
Phoenicia, kerajaam maritim pertama [kawasan Lebanon sekarang] http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Places/Place/324896
http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Places/Place/339183
Transcaucasus, also referred to as Transcaucasia or the South Caucasus, is the southern portion of the Caucasus region between the Black and Caspian Seas. The area includes the Colchis Lowland, Kura Lowland, Talysh Mountains, Lenkoran Lowland, Caucasus Minor, and all of Armenia.
Ancient Persia has a long history, with some of its earliest states and civilizations being the Elamites and the Medes. In 549 BC, Cyrus, the king of Ashan, created a vast empire - the biggest empire yet - that would expand into Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Anatolia. http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Places/Place/324905
http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Places/Place/324889
Cuneiform script, was an early form of writing which used wedge-shaped symbols. It is thought to be the first form of writing in the ancient world. The script was developed by the Sumerians and dates to no later than about 3500 BC
Babylon/Irak sekarang http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Places/Place/325740
http://www.open2.net/whattheancients/mesopotamians.html
Selalu saja dipedebatkan, siapa yg memulai peradaban manusia : Kaum Mesir Kuno, Yunani atau Romawi ? Jawabnya : tidak satupun dari mereka !
Sejarah manusia mulai di tepi sungai Tigris dan Euphrates, yg tanahnya yg sangat subur: tanah yg dikenal sbg Mesopotamia. Penduduk yg tinggal disitu sejak 8000 thn yg lalu meng-irigasi tanah mereka dgn kanal dan
saluran2, mereka petani2 jitu. Budaya2 Assyria, Babylon dan Sumeria tumbuh disini disebuah kawasan yg tersebar dari Turki sekarang, ke Syria Barat dan Irak.
Apa warisan budaya mereka ? Pertama2, mereka menciptakan tulisan, dgn buku tertua, cerita epik 'Gilgamesh', yg ditulis 4.500 thn lalu.
Epic Gilgamesh http://www.kchanson.com/PHOTOS/photogal.html
Mereka juga memberikan kami undang2 tertulis pertama, ternyata utk menahan epidemi 'mabuk' ; salah satu efek sampingan ciptaan mereka lainnya : BIR.
Mereka menciptakan batu bata yg mereka produksi dlm jumlah jutaan utk membangun kota2 pertama dan tempel2 'Ziggurat' mereka. Mereka juga memberikan kami tentara profesional pertama dan menciptakan tank, dan disinilah RODA diciptakan; dan lalu kereta kuda di thn 4.000 SM.
Roda dan kereta kuda Mesopotamia
Mereka mempelajari gerakan bintang2 dan menciptakan Zodiak, shg mereka juga meberikan kami astrologi & astronomi.
Perahu papirus, layar kapal, peniupan gelas, dan malah bateri listrik, walau mereka tidak tahu utk apa kegunaannya !
Apa yg dihasilkan budaya Mesopotamia (irak) ?**
Apa yg dihasilkan budaya Mesopotamia (irak) ?**
Last edited by ali5196 on Tue Dec 11, 2007 6:41 am, edited 10 times in total.
http://www.open2.net/historyandthearts/ ... maths.html
In Mesopotamia the scribes of Babylon and the other big cities were impressing on clay tablets economic and administrative records, literary, religious and scientific works, word-lists, and mathematical problems and tables. Nearly all of the texts that give us our fullest understanding of Babylonian mathematics date from the Old Babylonian Period about 1800-1600 BCE. There is also a second corpus of later evidence, from around 650 BCE to perhaps as late as the first century AD, but until recently this has been largely ignored by historians and is only now undergoing serious study.
As a result of the extensive excavations of the nineteenth century there are many more tablets available in museums and universities throughout the world than have yet been translated or even catalogued. However, of those that have been translated, only a relatively small proportion have been shown to have mathematical content, perhaps five hundred or so, compared with upwards of 500,000 extant tablets. Nevertheless, this is a significant number when compared with the paucity of Egyptian mathematical texts.
Most of the tablets are rectangular but there are some that are round in shape. They usually fit comfortably into the palm of a hand and are about an inch thick, although some are as small a postage stamp and others the size of a large book. The writing is in cuneiform (‘wedge-shaped’) script and it is usually found on the front and the back of the tablets, and sometimes on the side as well. All of the Babylonian tablets are written in Akkadian, a Semitic language, although some mathematical tablets do use a few Sumerian words.
For their numeral system, the Babylonians used the sexagesimal (base 60) place-value system. Why they chose a sexagesimal system is not known but it may have been related to their astronomy, with its 360 day year. They wrote their numerals from left to right using just two symbols:
for the unit and
for ten.
If there was no value in a place (which is what our zero symbol signifies) a space was sometimes left but otherwise meant 1, 60, or 3600 (or indeed 1/60, 1/3600 etc) according to context. In much later sources, mainly astronomical texts dating from 300 BCE onwards, a special symbol is introduced to mark empty places within numerals; but not at the end of a numeral, so the absolute value of the whole is still left floating.
For example (assuming we know from the context where the integer part ends and the fractional part begins):
denotes 2 x 60 + 31 + 4/60 + 13/3600.
dsb ...
In Mesopotamia the scribes of Babylon and the other big cities were impressing on clay tablets economic and administrative records, literary, religious and scientific works, word-lists, and mathematical problems and tables. Nearly all of the texts that give us our fullest understanding of Babylonian mathematics date from the Old Babylonian Period about 1800-1600 BCE. There is also a second corpus of later evidence, from around 650 BCE to perhaps as late as the first century AD, but until recently this has been largely ignored by historians and is only now undergoing serious study.
As a result of the extensive excavations of the nineteenth century there are many more tablets available in museums and universities throughout the world than have yet been translated or even catalogued. However, of those that have been translated, only a relatively small proportion have been shown to have mathematical content, perhaps five hundred or so, compared with upwards of 500,000 extant tablets. Nevertheless, this is a significant number when compared with the paucity of Egyptian mathematical texts.
Most of the tablets are rectangular but there are some that are round in shape. They usually fit comfortably into the palm of a hand and are about an inch thick, although some are as small a postage stamp and others the size of a large book. The writing is in cuneiform (‘wedge-shaped’) script and it is usually found on the front and the back of the tablets, and sometimes on the side as well. All of the Babylonian tablets are written in Akkadian, a Semitic language, although some mathematical tablets do use a few Sumerian words.
For their numeral system, the Babylonians used the sexagesimal (base 60) place-value system. Why they chose a sexagesimal system is not known but it may have been related to their astronomy, with its 360 day year. They wrote their numerals from left to right using just two symbols:
for the unit and
for ten.
If there was no value in a place (which is what our zero symbol signifies) a space was sometimes left but otherwise meant 1, 60, or 3600 (or indeed 1/60, 1/3600 etc) according to context. In much later sources, mainly astronomical texts dating from 300 BCE onwards, a special symbol is introduced to mark empty places within numerals; but not at the end of a numeral, so the absolute value of the whole is still left floating.
For example (assuming we know from the context where the integer part ends and the fractional part begins):
denotes 2 x 60 + 31 + 4/60 + 13/3600.
dsb ...
Ukiran tokoh mitologi Mesopotamia : banteng bersayap berwajah manusia dari istana Sargon II dari Khorsabad, Assyria 721-705 SM, Museum Louvre, Paris.
Mengingatkan anda pada peristiwa apa yah dlm Islam ? Betul ! Isra Miraj ! Inilah inspirasi Muhamad bagi bouraqnya !!!
Dan siapa ini ? Kalau nggak salah mirip JIBRIL !
Ukiran Mesopotamia, tokoh mitologi bersayap
SYRIA: Kristen ASSYRIA tuntut persamaan hak
http://www.indonesia.faithfreedom.org/f ... 695#263695
Namun sekarang masih ada UU di Syria yg membatasi orang Kristen Assyria dari posisi2 tertentu dlm pemerintahan dan pemberlakukan beberapa hukum Islam, yg menurut mereka "berlawanan dgn prinsip2 dasar kebebasan dan hak azasi manusia."
http://www.indonesia.faithfreedom.org/f ... 695#263695
Namun sekarang masih ada UU di Syria yg membatasi orang Kristen Assyria dari posisi2 tertentu dlm pemerintahan dan pemberlakukan beberapa hukum Islam, yg menurut mereka "berlawanan dgn prinsip2 dasar kebebasan dan hak azasi manusia."
http://www.whoosh.org/newsflash/graphic ... _large.jpg
HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE CIVILIZATION, ART, LANGUAGE, MILITARY, POLITIC, LAWS, CULTURE AND HISTORY OF IRAQ?
By Maximillien de Lafayette, Editor-in-Chief*
Photo: Clay tablet at Telharmal, 1000.B.C.
To understand the Iraqi people, societies and the historical fabric of Iraq, you need to sail into the immense world of Iraqi history, language, culture, religion, traditions, development of its military forces, the psyche of its infra and sub-structure of its various social and religious communities, and above all, you must be knowledgeable of Iraq's language and art.
... the Iraqis are proud of their language. History of Islam and global Arab literature revealed that the greatest Arab poets and writers, came from Iraq, and particularly from Al Basra. Hassan Bin Thabet Al Ansari, Abou Teeb Al Mutanabi, considered as the greatest Arab poets and authors were Iraqi. And today, the most illustrious contemporary Arab abstract artists are unquestionably Iraqis.
I hope the present work will shed light on the glorious artistic heritage of Iraq, the good nature of the Iraqis, the nobility of their traditions and unsurpassed contributions to the world civilization and Western modern thought.
HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE CIVILIZATION, ART, LANGUAGE, MILITARY, POLITIC, LAWS, CULTURE AND HISTORY OF IRAQ?
By Maximillien de Lafayette, Editor-in-Chief*
Photo: Clay tablet at Telharmal, 1000.B.C.
To understand the Iraqi people, societies and the historical fabric of Iraq, you need to sail into the immense world of Iraqi history, language, culture, religion, traditions, development of its military forces, the psyche of its infra and sub-structure of its various social and religious communities, and above all, you must be knowledgeable of Iraq's language and art.
... the Iraqis are proud of their language. History of Islam and global Arab literature revealed that the greatest Arab poets and writers, came from Iraq, and particularly from Al Basra. Hassan Bin Thabet Al Ansari, Abou Teeb Al Mutanabi, considered as the greatest Arab poets and authors were Iraqi. And today, the most illustrious contemporary Arab abstract artists are unquestionably Iraqis.
I hope the present work will shed light on the glorious artistic heritage of Iraq, the good nature of the Iraqis, the nobility of their traditions and unsurpassed contributions to the world civilization and Western modern thought.